Distance instrument.



PATSKTED JULY 10, 1908..-

W. LASKA.

DISTANCE INSTRUMENT.

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tall... vii-nan unaws W. LASKA.

DISTANCE INSTRUMENT.

Armenia: 21mm an. a. 1m.

. PATENTS!) JULY 10, 1908.

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UNITED STATES PATENT osrron.

WACLAW LASKA, F LEM BERG, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

DISTANGE INSTRUMENT Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed September 8, 1905. Serial No. 277,561.

To all whom if mm; concern:

Beit known that I, WAcLAw LASKA, a sub ject of the Emperor ofAustria-Hungary, rc

siding at Lembcrg, Galicia, Austria-l lungary, have invented certain newand useful Imwhich the following is a specification.

Since distance instruments have been invented attempts have beenconstantly made is to simplify or even to do away with the calcnlations;but even the best so tions of these problems have not producedsatisfactory instruments, as in such instruments the readings are notsufficientlyexact and satisfy only the re uirements of a topographer andnot those 0 an engineer.

The object of this invention is to produce a distance instrument whichenables the dil fercnce of levels and the horizontal distance forordinary ranges to be determined at once with the accuracy of onedecimeter without an; tedious calculations.

he construction of this distance instru' ment is based on twotheoretical principles.

5 The determination of horizontal distance is effected on the contactprinciple, which enables such distance to be read directly on i thelinear scale by raising a. fixed thread.

T he difference in height it can be determined from the horizontaldistance (I, thus ascertained, by means of the angle of elevation a,according to the following equation:

I: d tan. a.

For effecting this multiplication with tan. a

there is used a wire or thread adjustable in the field of vision bymeans of a micromctric screw, which wire can be set in such manner thatthe difference in height or elevation can 0 be at once determined fromthe reading after raising the telescope, with the help of the reading ofthe fixed wire before the raising.

, Figures 1 and 2 are diagrams illustrating the principle on which theconstruction of 5 my new instrument is based. Figs. 3 and 4 are adiagrammatic front and side view, respectivcly, of my new instrument.Fig. 5 is a side view showing a modification of the instrument. Fig. 6is a front view thereto, and

Fig. 7 a plan view. Figs. Sand 9 are detail 5. the fix views of thefilar screw-microme er.

If f, is the reading of the fixed wire on the linear scale before thetelescope: has been raised, f the reading on the linear scale of ed wireafter the raising of the tele scope, and b, the reading on the linearscale provements in Distance Instruments, of

I of the adjustable wire after the raising of the telescope, then, ifthe dimensions of the instrument are such that its constant is onehundred,

be checked after the elevation angle a has been read off from theformula.

b (fl-f.) x 100 x tan. a. y

The instrument used for finding the readingsf,.f.;, and b', is rovidedwith horizontal and vertical limbs, like a theodolite. To the axis ofrotation or'pivot of the telescope is secured a lever-arm on which actsa setting device by means of which the telesco e can be given twopositions, which always eviate. from each other to the same extent. Thetelescope is also provided with an ocular filar screwmicrometer, theadjustable wire of scope can be set on the srmcia'lly-calculateddivision of the vertical limb (hereinafter re ferred to as indexdivision) in such man-- ner that the reading of the movable wire diproportion of p tafhldtom 4. d (f1 -f2.)

If A is made equal tolOO D, which practically can be done with absoluteaccuracy, than 4. (z: 100(f.-f-,)

that is to 583;. tho distance to be ascertained is equal to one hundredtimes thestnount of the difference: of the reading before and after theturning.

As the millimeters on the linear scale can still be accurately estimatedat a distance of vides the two readings of the fixed wire in PatentedJu1y10,1906.

2. L4 (f1 6:) X 100, and the height can which during the firstadjustment of the tele certained withan accuracy of 4; 1 decimeter.

The movement of the adjustable wires in the lilar micrometer for thepurpose of obtaining the angle of elevation is effected on the basis ofthe following calculation: Let 0,

F ig. 2, be the center of the instrument and OC- (Z- (ji f:.)

the distance of the linear scale from the center of the instrument.Further, let a be the angle of elevation in one position (beforeturning) and u- (la the angle in the other position (after the turning)of the telescope, daindicating the constant angle of raising. Then weshall have 5. CfI (Z tan. (.6. 6. Cf: (Z tan. (a do.) If the opticalcenter of the object-glass is atA and it ()A LEAD: i iABO P and B0 Ithen 90 a Illt i.

the triangle BAO that We obtain 1 6 I. Lb: (1 tan. 9 ilcos. (p

- In order to make possible the calculation mentioned before in theequation .2; the adjnstable wire of the tilur screw-micrometer must heset in such manner that I tan. (1.

By substituting the values of Cfi Cf: C from the equations 5, 6, and Twe shall have tan. (11+ (In) tan. (1

cos. a

and that the angle I is var small, and consequently it can he assumedthat 6 n? an-j is converted into but as we obtain 3 5 If we indicate theposition of th Screw f l l l Further, C (1+ 1 tan. or, since it followsfrom cos. I cos. u

the lilar screw-micrometer corresponding to the angle i with and ifthedistance of the screw from the center of the instrument 6 U E, then 7otan. a 8+ It is therefore D 6+ 6 w 6 (1 tan. (.4) cos. a. i 1-- -c0s.a j(Z This equation can also be simplified by the l introduction of aconstant do for the angle of I elevation a n.

l A 1 9 I i and consequently 8v 1 53 5 I 1,. 3 (l tan. 1 cos. a.

l cost a (I As, however, owing to the smallness of this fraction can beneglected, we shall have 12. '0 (I tan. (1)608. a,

in which 6,, indicates the constant screw value of the lowering of themovable wire in the horizontal position of the telescope. If 5 theadjustable wire is now moved relatively to the fixed one in the filarscrew-inicrome ter to the extent of 0, this will mean that the angle ofelevation will have been considered in the setting of the adjustablewire, so that it will be 13. )2 fi (ifs fi) tan. ll,

1 f and the difference of level will be obtained E from the equation14.. n (a n) X 100, if A is made 100 i).

In order to obtain the value of 6 correspending to every angle ofelevation at, the index division on the vertical limb is marked, 1 inaccordance with, the formula 12, so that this value can be read on thevertical limb in I every case. To the horizontal position of thetelescope will correspond the. reading 5 on the indexdivision and to theposition of 45 the. reading 0. The"ocular filer" screwmicrometer is setto suit the readings on the index division, and in this wav theadjustable wire is set in a correspon ing manner.

As willhe seen from the formula 11, 0' is not strictly constant, as eand d are different for the different positions oi the telescope. Thiswant of constancy cannot,v however, he removed mechanically. The leveldifferences I cannot therefore be obtained with the sameaccuracy as thehorizontal distances, and the i l i l inaccuracy will be the greater thesmaller the distances; but even in consideringthe una angle-of elevation11 being capable of being read on a scale on the back of the vertical 7limb.

For increasing the accuracy the fixed wire can be'directed to thedifferent points of the linear scale and the adjustable wire setaccordingly and the necessary readings made, whereupon the requireddistance and elevation will be obtained with great accuracy from themean.

As will be seen from Figs.- 3 and 4 of the drawings, which show theinstrument dia-. grammatically in front and side elevation, thetelescope 1 is secured to its-axis of rotation or pivot '2. This axis ofrotation is arranged in such a manner that the telescope is heavier onthe side of the eyepiece. On the axis or spindle 2 is mounted a lever 3,normal to the optical axis of the telescope, the edge of said leverfacing the object-glass 4, passing exactly through the center of theaxis, Fig. 4. Each movement of thelever 3 is therefore transmitted tothe telescope and raises or lowers it, (turns or tips it.) At a certaincon stant distance below the telescope is arranged a horizontal bar 5,on which is adjustahly mounted a rider or slide 6. the fixing of whicheffected by means of a fixing-screw 7. This slide 6 carries in a nut 8 aset-screw 9, which can he operated by a lever 10, provided at one end.The travel of that lever is limited by stops 17 The screw 9 acts on asteel knife-edge 11, against which the lever 3 pressed by the heavierweight of the eyepiece side of the telescope. The eyepiece is providedwith a filar screw-micrometer 12. (Illustrated in Fig. 8 incross-section and in Fig. 5) in side elevation.) It is provided in awell-known mannerwith fixed horizontal and vertical wires 18 and 19 andan adjustable horizontal-wire 20, which can be moved away from orbrought nearer to the fixed wire by turning the micrometric screw 21.

The modification of the instrument shown in' Figs. 6 and 7 in frontelevation, side elevation, and plan view is provided with a fixingscrew7, pressing against a pressing-block 14, movable-with the slide 6, andis further provided with a pinion or gear 15, which engages with a rack16, arranged in a groove of the horizontal bar 5, so that the movementof the slide 6 along the said horizontal bar may be effected by turningthe pinion 15 by means of the head 27.

The vertical limb- 13 is provided on one side with an index divisioncalculated in accordance. with the formula 12, and on the other side itcan he provided with a graduation (in degrees) for direct reading ofangles this index division, whole turns (height of pitch) being obtainedon the scale visible' through the eyepiece tenths of a revolution on thedivision-strokes of the micrometric drum, and the o'ne-lmudredths areestimated. The arrangement is such that live pitches (revolutions) ofthe screw correspond to the constant, (preferably one hundred.)

The head of the lilar screw-micrometer 12 can he turned insuch-unmnerthat the micrometric drum 22 can be made to lie downward orbe turned through anangle of one hundred and eighty degrees upward. Thefirst of these two positions serves for determining angles above and thesecond. angles below the horizontal. I

The instrument,\vhicl\is built like a timedolite, can further beprovided with a horizontal'limh 23, with levels '24 and 25 forhorizontal adjustment F or the purpose of leveling, the telescope isprovided with a survey ing-lcvel 26. According to the size andthepurpose ofthe instrument, the divisions can he made different andwith varying degrees of fineness. This device can be utilized both in atheodohte-like instrument and in a tacho metric tipping rule orseparately as distance and elevation xneasurer, the index-division onthe horizontal lmrbeiugarranged as linear division,ofcourseaftercorrespondingly Wadifying the formula required for thepurpose.

W'lieu being used, the instrument is first laced in horizontal positionin the wellnown manner. Further manipulation is different for anglesabove the horizontal (no degrees to fifty degrees) and below thehorizontal, (three hundred and sixty degrees to three hundred and tendegrees.)

A. Drterm not-ion 0 [distance undrlijii'rence of level or height mm,angles allow flu horizontal. By shifting the slidefiwitb the lever 10raised (full lines in Figs. 3 and 4) and micrometric drum lowered below,the telescope is directedlo any desired aunt of the linear scale, andthefigurc is'remlon the vertical limb, (index division-) if desired, theactual an le of elevation. can be simultaneously read for a controlcalculation in accord-- ance with the equation 3. 'lhercupon themicrometrie drum of the filer screw-mirrromcter is set in accordancewith the index-read ing on the vertical limb, care heing taken that atooth interval oi the scalcdiar should correspond iu'the field of visionto one com-- plete revolution of the screw. In this wa y the adjustablethread or wire of the filer nu crometer is set in such. at manner thatin its reading with the tipped telescope the angle of elevation iscoxwidlered in determinirurlevel diiierence. The instrument is thenreadvfor reading. At first the iosition of the fixed thread is read on thescale with the lever 10 raised (f'i) Thereupcu the lever is lowered,(broken lines, Figs. 3 and 4,) process can be utilized for determiningthe whereby the telescope is tipped to a constant extent, whereupon theposition of; the fixed Wire f, and that of the adjustable one, 6 is readon the linear scale. Then as the constant of the instrument 100 therequired horizontal distancewill bed =1O0(f' f,) and constant 9 a Fordeterminim the height above the sea I i of the point at which the linearscale is arranged is used the formula l lu.=(la+l)--(L-fi)ifi, h l ldiff 7 1900" 1, 7,, b i in which it, is the height above the-sea of thev calcnlated=10O (f -73) m a f r h ki position of the instrument; I, theheightpf v Purposes i the instrument; L, the total lengthof the hn- Bpefinitimof distance and level i f 5 can scale, and h the difference mheight, 60. mm h angles below the i l Th which must be taken as posit vefor angles manipulation of the instrument is here the above thehol'fzontal and {wgatwe 2 K I same,but with the difference that themicrobelow f; the lineal" metric drum is raised and the first position,Scale reading. the l as well as the index reading (or that of the AS forg P05115101} of the Instrument 5 anglea below the horizontal) takesplace with e, and L are Cement, the lave of the G 3 the lever 10lowered, While the second posig sea of the Place Of the lmeal' scale canbe :0 tion of the fixed thread or wire as well as the Pressed y 3reading of the osition of the adjustable wire h 2 K :1: in which K 1,

take place Wit the lever 10 raisech Then i v 7 I W hat I claim is (Z 100t f2 f1) and Il. 1. A distance instrument comprisingatele- V v 5100(b=-f1}= 100 (faf) tan. 1 scope, a fixed wire therein, an arm rigidlyi i bein'a of co taken as negative For connected to the telescope-ax 1sand standing 5 w er e 'act distance measureme iit the movl "Primal whenthe tie-legion? is horizontal 1! -z b uoht n at th fixed wiru and 3horizontal bar, a slide ad ustable thereon, m e e l and a knife-edge adustable on the said slide the teleilcope mstgad of being duectgd andmovahle on it to a constant extent, the l the hnem'sf'ale is i the saidarm resting against the said knife edge. sgiickewglelerltzzctllrgpggasicrfii (rigsdiientxgfigfg i 2. Adistai-iceinstrumentcomprisingatelo- 8o e scope, a fixed wire therein, an arm ngidlvcelmmeters) i After the of the connected to the telescope-axis andstanding 5 telescope tl18 (llSt-B.DC' of the fixedmre from vertical whmthe telescope is horizontal a i next centimeter Stroke of the linearscale horizontal bar, aslide adjustable thereon and t t i fi i i g g glg if 15 er a knife-edge adgustahle on said slide and o e mm 0 aremovable on itto a constant extent, an ocular i retlmateyd at 3' filerscrow-micrumeter having a movable Mes m ex 09 lmma errors 0 1 w re and avertical limb having an index d1 division of the linear scale. It is ofcourse viqion 1 assumed that the constant has been In testimony I j wSet 9 I my hand 1!! presence of two SUbSTlblflg w1tdetermined veryexactly and the division of 5 nesses. 45 the linear scale also executedv'e exactly. WACLAW LAShA.

The linear scale must he mounter very rigi Witnesses: idly and protectedagainst sinking and must ARTHUR Scnwrzz,

stand exactly vertical. The converse of this Hnxnr BOE UEL.

